Effective Queries for Newbies
By Wally Caviness

I recently have gotten several queries from my various surnames lineages. All they list is the name of the person they are looking for.

I have replied to the people and asked them to supply more information on the people they are asking others to help them find.

The information should include:

1. Date and location of birth
2. Date and location of death
3. Social Security numbers
4. Whether they served in any armed conflict: Civil War, WWI, WWII, Korean War, etc.
5. Whether they had any brothers, sisters, aunts, or uncles
6. Nationality
7. Any other information that would help others in assisting the person seeking help finding their ancestor

I hope this helps the many new people that are getting into finding their family roots.

Previously published in RootsWeb Review:
11 July 2007, Vol. 10, No. 28

Getting to the Heart of the Subject: Are You Guilty?
By Joan Young
joan@volunteer.rootsweb.com

Have you ever posted a query on a RootsWeb mailing list or message board and gotten absolutely no response? Does it seem like everyone but you is getting the answers and feedback they need while you are shut out in the cold? If so, let's try to pinpoint the reason and improve your odds of making that RootsWeb connection.

THE PROBLEM
Most people are constantly on the go. They try to "multitask" to cover a lot of ground as quickly as possible.

When we scan our inboxes for new e-mails, or search new message board posts, we generally don't read every word of every message. Many of us scan the subject lines and then only read those messages that appeal to us; that is, we read the message if we find a name, location, or fact in the subject line that attracts our attention.

Digest mailing list subscribers, especially, are notorious for quickly scanning the subjects in the index of a digest before deciding which messages to read and which to ignore. If we have books at our disposal that allow us to do lookups, we often only read those posts that mention the topics covered by our books.

PITFALLS TO AVOID
When we encounter a subject line that says "no subject," or a generic subject line such as "Looking," "Searching," "Genealogy," "My Family," or worse yet, "Help!" we tend to disregard the message and move on to the next e-mail.

Another red flag for someone perusing a mailing list is the digest subscriber who merely clicks "reply" to a digest message and leaves the digest as the subject of the reply. I think we'd all admit that a subject line of "SMITH Digest, Vol 2, Issue 171" isn't exactly telling us much about the content of the message within. When replying to a digest message be sure to change the default subject to an informative one.

A WELL-WRITTEN QUERY IS MEANINGLESS IF IT IS NEVER READ
Quite possibly you have drafted an informative, well-written query with the names of the people you are researching, details of the times and places where they lived, and the information you wanted to learn.

However, it may still be lost if no one reads your message because of a poor subject line. Your message body should embellish your subject line and provide additional details.

THE SOLUTION: CREATING A MEANINGFUL SUBJECT LINE TO ATTRACT READERS
Provide concise but specific information about the content of your message. Include the name, location, and time frame of the individuals in your message. Tell us what information you are looking for. In other words, briefly outline your reason for posting the query. If your query includes an interesting story about your ancestor, provide
the reader with an indication of the story enclosed so that your message attracts his attention.

Some examples of good subject lines follow:

--Maiden name needed for Sophie who married John SMITH in 1900 in Chicago, Illinois

--Seeking parents of Joseph JONES born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1765

--Looking for Obituary of James JOHNSON who died in Clearwater, Florida, in 1965

--Seeking Descendants of Henricus GEIGER who Died in 1746 in Lembach, Alsace, France

--James O'REILLY, born New Jersey, 1830; killed at Battle of Gettysburg, 1863; need marriage information

--Morris FRIEDMAN, immigrated in 1900 to Philadelphia, PA, from Russia--Seeking Village of Origin

Note: It is typical to capitalize surnames so that they quickly catch readers' attention.

CONCLUSION
The success of your query rests largely on your ability to create a subject line that will grab readers. Readers will be more likely to take the time to study your message and consider whether they have an interest or an answer for you. So stop crying for HELP in the wilderness and SEARCHING and LOOKING aimlessly, and start providing specifics in your subject lines.

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
25 July 2007, Vol. 10, No. 30

Tips and Tricks: Preventing the Unthinkable Computer Crash
By Mary Harrell-Sesniak
maryh@volunteer.rootsweb.com

"Genealogy is not just a pastime; it's a passion."

Before the days of CD-ROMs and flash and external drives, backing up was a real chore.

And judging from the droves of recovery companies, it still is. But why don't people take time to back up?

I think it is human nature.

Most of us love that little gadget called computer and don't expect it to fail. We multitask like we're using supercomputers: we instant message, surf the Web, watch movies, transfer pictures, read censuses, scan, and enter genealogical data into our neat little files every day--and sometimes all at the same time.

That is impressive, if not foolish.

If someone asked you to keep track of one or two things, you could do it, but five or six activities at one time? Probably not. Our computers try and usually perform quite well. But factor in computer surges, spyware, viruses, and mechanical failures, and crashes are predictable. After all, you are working on a machine, and, just like us, they eventually die.

But believe it or not, most crashes are from human error.

AN OUNCE OF PREVENTION
Start by making a backup of your hard drive or important files. Hire an Internet backup service and store your information online, or use an external hard drive. I have one, along with a zip disk, several flash drives, and CDs; however, I use RootsWeb for some backups, and wish to compliment them on this feature.

RootsWeb has a backup feature? That's not on the menu. No it is not, but it is one of their more popular features, called WorldConnect.

Did you know that if you submit your data to WorldConnect you can download it again? And if for some reason your computer crashes, your GEDCOM can be retrieved completely intact, from the last date of upload.

Thank you RootsWeb. That is a great feature.

And more kudos to RootsWeb for free Web pages that can serve the same purpose. Not to mention most genealogy programs offer personal pages, which are a wonderful idea for preserving photos and documents.

But beyond backing up, take care of your computer on a regular, if not daily, basis.

OPTIMIZE, ORGANIZE, AND UPDATE IT
To keep your computer in tip-top shape, it's important you optimize, organize, and update. This includes removing unnecessary files; emptying the trash or recycle bin; defragging; testing for drive errors; and updating your operating system, software, and security.

Before performing any maintenance, close all programs, and be prepared to spend some time. If your system has been neglected, or if it is not powerful, these procedures can take hours.

In Windows, many of these maintenance utilities--such as Disk Cleanup and Disk Defragmenter--are located in the Control Panel, or under All Programs>Accessories>System Tools. You can also find them in My Computer. Right-click on the drive name (usually C: ) and select Properties.

Start with Disk Cleanup. Disk Cleanup searches your drive; then it shows you temporary files, Internet cache files, and unnecessary program files that you can safely delete. You can direct Disk Cleanup to delete some or all of those files. I usually check most of the boxes provided, including the ones for removing temporary files, emptying the recycle bin, and removing older versions of setup files--if I am certain that I do not need them.

The tool for testing a drive for errors is not found in System Tools, but you can always locate it by searching Help or using the My Computer/Properties method described above. Once there, select the Tools tab and then select Error Checking.

Next, use the Disk Defragmenter, which "defrags" your computer. You may think your files are all contiguous, but they aren't. Each time you add something new, the file is expanded, and if there is not enough room for it, the file is split. Defragging is a process that puts all files that are stored hither and yon into one place.

Keep in mind that different operating systems such as Windows Vista have slight differences in mechanics, and that each update adds new features. Vista has expanded the available maintenance options in the Control Panel, but the old and newer systems both use the methods I have described.

Finally, don't forget to update your computer. You need to update your operating system, genealogy program, office suite, and especially your security suite. They require updates to patch security flaws and errors. Each manufacturer determines how their own programs should be updated. If you are lucky, a prompt will pop up and remind you, but in other cases look either under the menus or visit a manufacturer's website for instructions. And after updating, shut down and reboot.

Reboot?

Yes. Restarting is important. I recently helped someone with a browser problem. She had updated it and it didn't work, so I got the call.

"Did you shut down and restart your computer after installing the update?" I asked.

"No. It's boring and takes too long, so I just hibernate it."

There are networks that go long periods without rebooting, but I would never complete a day without shutting down my PC. It's like not taking your job home at the end of the day. Shut it down and let it forget about everything. Some installations even require it. There was a bit more to fixing the browser issue, but rebooting was a necessary step.

For more sophisticated maintenance, you may want to consider visiting a computer store and asking the "geeks" for recommendations. I am not going to recommend specific products, but when I make purchase decisions, I read the reviews of experts and of everyday users. I suggest you do the same.

GENEALOGY NEWBIE FORUM
A great place to search for help on computers and genealogy is RootsWeb's GEN-NEWBIE forum.

It started in 1996 as an electronic mailing list for people who were new to computers and genealogy. Join the list, share information, and ask questions--not just about genealogy, but also about technology.

The accompanying Gen-Newbie website is administered by Elaine Maddox and Jack Webster. Their e-mail addresses are at the bottom of the page, along with a computer resource link, where you will find definitions and places to solve computer issues. Also, select "Click Here for Genealogy Links." I particularly liked two selections at the bottom of this page: "Joyce Ragels' Web Site List" and "Brian Besley's Gen-Newbie Page."

http://www.rootsweb.com/~newbie/

COMPUTER/INTERNET RESOURCES MAILING LIST
John Fuller manages a website of RootsWeb mailing lists called "Genealogy Resources on the Internet," and it contains one list called Computer and Internet Resources. It gives many good computer-related mailing lists you can join on RootsWeb.

http://www.rootsweb.com/~jfuller/gen_mail.html
http://www.rootsweb.com/~jfuller/gen_mail_computing.html

Towards the top of the website is a link to a mailing list called Computer-Help. I think you will find it useful, and if you want to browse the archives, visit: http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/index/COMPUTER-HELP

Previously published in RootsWeb Review:
29 August 2007, Vol. 10, No. 35

The Digital Genealogist:
Message Boards and Identifying Photographs
  By Mary Harrell-Sesniak
  maryh@volunteer.rootsweb.com

  "Genealogy is not just a pastime; it's a passion."

Readers have requested more on photography, so I promise not to disappoint. This is the first of several articles on photography. Tips and tricks are welcome, so send them along.

PHOTOGRAPHY AND GENEALOGY
Photography and genealogy are a natural mix, and many--such as myself--wouldn't leave home without a digital camera. Mine fits in a small pocket and I use it on a daily basis. Aside from capturing vivid outdoor photographs, it takes excellent indoor shots. When shopping, I frequently use it to note prices, and it also doubles as a copier in a library. (I always ask for permission before taking pictures of books, however, as some libraries expressly prohibit it. Others prefer it since flattening books on copiers damages the spines and bright lights fade the contents.)

So, which model of camera do I use?

With so many wonderful products, I prefer not to endorse one, but I have owned and tested many including Canon, Kodak, Nikon, Panasonic, Sharp, and Sony brands. I'm still a fan of SLR (Single Lens Reflex) cameras, but I am now hooked on digital point-and-shoot cameras as well. Other than batteries wearing out, I have not been disappointed with any of the cameras I've owned. Digital technology is truly one of the wonders of our time.

For specific questions on software and hardware, I suggest participating on photography-related message boards. Click "Message Boards" on the RootsWeb homepage. Under "Find a Board," type in "photo." Four message boards appear. Ask questions and post tips and readers--such as this RootsWeb columnist--will join in. The four "photo" message boards I found are:

  Topics > Occupations > Photographers in Indiana
  Topics > Research Resources > Photographs
  Topics > Methods > Photography
  Topics > Military > World War II > Photos

In addition, there is another mailing list specific to photographers in the United Kingdom, which you will enjoy, even if your ancestry is from elsewhere.
http://lists.rootsweb.com/index/other/Occupations/UK-PHOTOGRAPHERS.html

UNLABELED PHOTOGRAPHS
What a tragedy it is to browse family archives and antique shops and discover unlabeled photos.

In my family, there are some pictures that aren't labeled. I often peer at the archives noticing similarities to living relatives. One niece has her third-great-grandmother Martha's eyes. But then there is a picture of a country gent labeled, "probably Great Grandpa Harrell's father." The problem is that great-grandpa's photo looks nothing like him. Perhaps it is a great-great-grandfather from the other side. I hope someday to know.

There is the distinct possibility that he isn't even an ancestor. When visiting a cousin, I was astounded to note the photograph of a young woman who looked similar to someone in my collection; she turned out to be a cousin to my great-grandmother, who lived in a neighboring state. We assume they were well-acquainted and visited or saw each other at weddings and funerals.

So remember your family traveled. Weddings were often scheduled well in advance so family could attend. Individual and group pictures were taken and exchanged during these times.

And sometimes ancestors traveled the world. My great-great-grandfather John Thomas Wilder owned a photograph of the famous author and lecturer Charles Kingsley. When I found the photograph I read Kingley's book "Letters From a Lecture Tour, 1874" and found a reference to Wilder.

They met on the ship "Oceanic," the White Star line's "smart fourmaster" pioneer luxury vessel. It sailed from Liverpool to New York on 29 January 1874; on board were nineteen adults in the saloon class, Kingsley and Wilder being the most noted of the group. Wilder, who had became a brevetted brigadier-general for "his ingenuity and fertility of resource" in the battle of Chickamauga, stayed at the St. Nicholas Hotel with Kingsley after the journey and apparently insisted on paying Kingsley's bill.

Time is precious and we all neglect to label pictures, but doing so leaves a legacy, so take the time to do it.

IDENTIFYING PICTURES
So what do you do with unlabeled pictures? In frustration, many people end up giving them to antique shops. But before discarding these possible treasures, learn more about them. The clue to identification lies in the style, the size, the subject, and the photographer.

First, digitize and share. Your cousin or even a seeming stranger may be able to help. And share both sides of the photograph, since some identifiers are on the back.

Another reason for sharing has to do with accidents and natural disasters. We are all aware of Hurricane Katrina's destruction, but many do not realize that one-of-a-kind photographs in the New Orleans archives were lost. Don't make that mistake in your town.

If you find labeled photos in shops, be an angel and post the discovery on a RootsWeb surname board. Several photos of my family surfaced that way, and a kind stranger donated them to me. I am grateful for these random acts of kindness, and I try to repay favors in kind.

To identify pictures, try the following:

1. Determine the photographer. Some traveled, but most worked in studios that may be labeled on the picture. If a photo was taken out of town, note family events (weddings, funerals, etc.) that may have coincided. 
2. Identify the image type or photographic process. Do this by measuring the object and observing the image details and the frame. Each photograph type had its own characteristics (more on this to come in a future article).
3. Examine the subject's dress, hair, and demeanor. Note hats, sleeves (e.g., puffy or straight), collars (e.g., thin or wide), hats, scarves, and other items. Even hairstyles are clues. Compare clothing and props to costume encyclopedias to narrow the time frame. 4. Watch for jewelry trends. Brooches and other items could have been inherited, so are only an indicator of a "not before" time, but fads and trends are useful indicators. For example, horseshoe-shaped brooches came into vogue in 1870-80, and ostrich feathers in hats emerged in photographs around the late 1890s. 5. Look for stamps and other identifying marks. In the U.S., a stamp narrows the time frame to 1 August 1864 to 1 August 1866, when they were required by law.

After determining details, wash your hands, then label the photo with an acid-free pen or pencil, and store it in an archival or Mylar sleeve. And promise that you will never, ever write on the back of the photo directly behind a person. Normal pens have acid, and over time will bleed. In addition, the force of the implement will imprint the image.

A better method is to pre-label the outside of a storage container. Insert the picture and never touch it again. Keep it away from heat and light and store it in a cool place. Kodak recommends storage in a dark room at 75 degrees Fahrenheit or lower, with 30 to 50 percent humidity. Avoid basements, attics, and the garage. Using your coolest interior room with good ventilation and few temperature changes is probably a good choice.

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
03 October 2007, Vol. 10, No. 40

UK National Archives Digitizes NonConformist BMDs

The UK National Archives holds 5,000 registers for nonconformist (not conforming to the Church of England) congregations. These registers contain birth, marriage, and death information for thousands of individuals from 1567-1840. Records are from Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, Protestant Dissenter, Independent, and some Roman Catholic communities.

To read more about the new database, visit: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/news/stories/172.htm

To search the registers, visit: http://www.bmdregisters.co.uk/

"New York Times" Online for Free, 1851-1922; 1981-1987

Now, you can search the "New York Times" for articles from 1851 to the present and view those from 1851-1922 (in the public domain) and from 1981-1987, for free.

To visit the "New York Times" Online Archives:
http://www.nytimes.com/ref/membercenter/nytarchive.html

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
10 October 2007, Vol. 10, No. 41

Getting Your Message Across on Mailing Lists and Message Boards
By Joan Young
joan@volunteer.rootsweb.com

In July, I wrote about the importance of attracting readers to your mailing list and message board queries with a meaningful subject line. (See "Getting to the Heart of the Subject: Are You Guilty?" at http://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/review/2007/0725.txt )

Getting the reader's attention is the most important factor in getting quality responses, but, once you have his or her attention, you must hold it and keep him from moving along to the next e-mail. So what distinguishes the query that makes the reader take notice and want to help you from the one that doesn't?

Let's start with what makes the reader run in the opposite direction. When I read queries on the lists and boards, I often come away shaking my head and wondering exactly what the author is asking or why she bothered to post. Misspellings, omitted information, impossible dates (such as children who are married before they were born)--I've seen all that and worse in queries. It doesn't make me eager to assist the person posting. If the poster can't be bothered to carefully explain what he is looking for, why should I play detective?

When drafting a query for a list or board do the following:

PLAN AHEAD
Take time to think about what it is you hope to learn from posting your query. Gather all the data you have already obtained. Who are you asking about; when and where did he live? Is there any other pertinent information that might interest the reader? Does your query concern a specific ethnic group, religious or church group, or occupation?

DRAFT YOUR QUERY--BE THOROUGH BUT CONCISE
Once you have written down everything you know and what you hope to learn, condense the text as much as possible. Be concise and to the point.

Put yourself in the place of the reader, who is not familiar with your research or your family. If the ancestor about whom you are posting ever did anything unique that would be of interest to non-family members (e.g., he published a book, had a town named for him, fought in a war, etc), include this information.

If there were stories of Native American blood in the family, or you know that a coat of arms was granted to your ancestor, that they were leaders in their church group, or that they included several generations of blacksmiths, for example, include this type of information. It may attract the reader who has expertise in researching these areas.

List the facts that you do know. If you don't have a date or location, list as much supporting information as possible. Perhaps you don't have the date of birth for your ancestor but you do know when he married or you have a sibling's birth date. This information will, at the very least, give the reader some sense of the time period during which your ancestor lived. Perhaps you can't find your ancestor on the 1901 census in Canada but you know she lived in Montreal in 1891 and that she died in Calgary, Alberta, in 1910. This information may help a reader locate your ancestor in the intervening years and provide information about historic migration routes.

SELECT THE MOST APPROPRIATE PLACE FOR POSTING YOUR QUERY
Think about what you hope to learn and then consider which board or list might be best for posting your query. Don't cross-post in many places; instead, select the most likely one or two lists or boards where experts may be able to help you.

If you are posting primarily about a family who migrated from one location to another and you are trying to trace them back another generation, a surname list or board might be your best bet. If your family remained in one location for many generations a locality list or board may be more appropriate.

My mother's BORTON ancestors came to America from England in 1679 and settled in Burlington County, New Jersey. Our branch of the family never left southern New Jersey. So the Burlington County board or list would probably be a good place to make contact with others researching the same branch of this family. The board is gatewayed to the corresponding mailing list--an extra bonus. The BORTONs were Quakers, so the QUAKER-ROOTS list or board would also be a good source of information, especially if I'm looking for information that might be found in Quaker records.

On my father's side, our SMITH ancestors proved to be fairly easy to trace despite the extremely common surname because several generations were stonemasons by trade. A list or board devoted to an ancestor's occupation could be your best option. While the surname is common, the occupation is less so. Ancestors who worked as master glassblowers often traveled in communities and intermarried within the community. Once again, the occupation could be the clue to tracing migration patterns.

The secret to successful queries lies in careful planning. Once a concise, accurate, and informative query has been posted in the appropriate place, all that remains is to be patient and await a reply.

To read even more about effective queries, see: "Knock, Knock . . . Anybody There?" at http://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/review/20030903.txt.

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
10 October 2007, Vol. 10, No. 41

Old Photos
 By Cathy Herrin
 Wasilla, Alaska

Mary Harrell-Sesniak's recent article on photos really touched a nerve with me.

All the years I have been associated with my husband's family his mother said her photos were labeled. On occasion we would take out a photo and yes, there was usually a first name on it. Little did we know the real situation.

In December of 2004 she passed away (her husband was already gone) and the family albums came to rest with us. I decided instead of breaking up the albums and giving pieces to each family member I would scan the collection of nearly 6,000 photos and make a DVD of all the photos for each family member.

Wow. It has been almost three years now and I am still working on my project. I cannot work on it during the summer when I am working and the short summer here in Alaska demands 100 percent attention. So every fall I drag out more albums and start labeling.

Yes, I said labeling. The first 3,000 photos that went back to the 1920s were not labeled. Or they said "Grandma," or "me and my girls," or something equally useless. These were people my husband did not even recognize. And all these years we thought they were labeled.

Fortunately my husband's mother has a living brother and sister in Illinois we have been able to fall back on. Through the wonders of the Internet I have been able to scan and send photos I needed help with to them and they replied with answers or best guesses. I was also able to take comments from the photos, compare them with the information in my genealogy program, and make educated guesses about the people in many of the other photographs. Unfortunately, I am finding distant relatives in more recent photos who are more difficult to pinpoint. With no last names recorded, and no e-mail contacts to help me, I am having a harder time identifying individuals.

Now my rules are:
Label pictures with first AND last names. You might know these people, but your descendants in a couple generations will not. Think about your grandkids looking at them sixty years from now.

Do NOT label anyone just "Grandma" or "Uncle," or, worse yet, "Me." Again, a few generations later, no one will know who "Grandma" or "Uncle" is. Even with a first name, it can be confusing. My family has several "Uncle Bills," so a label like "Uncle Bill's first wife" is meaningless.

Record the location, including states. Families move around a lot and genealogically this will be good information.

Put the whole date on the photograph label if known.

Finally, do it now! Not tomorrow; not next week. Now.

SCANNING TIPS
If you are thinking about a project like this I have a tip for you. Identify each photograph with its own unique identifying number. If you do not do this, the computer will sort them in all kinds of unsavory ways that do not relate to the order you found them in the albums.

The way I went about it was to assign a number to each album. Since there were twenty-four of them the number had to be two digits, as in 01, 02, etc. Then I numbered each page in the album in an upper corner near the spine or rings (one page included a front and back of the page). Again, if there were sixty pages in the album it had to start as a two-digit number.

Then I numbered each photo. If the page held six photos on one side and six photos on the other, I labeled them 01-12. For example, a photo from album five, page ten, photo seven would be labeled 051007. I included dates, names, and locations as follows: "120511 1923-02-05 Joe Smith, Jackson Hole, WY." This allowed the computer to sort the photographs neatly by the ID number.

For tidiness, while I was scanning I created a separate folder for each album. They are simply labeled, "Album 01 1923 to 1941," etc. Again, use two-digit numbers or they will not sort in proper order.

For the sake of speed I took out and labeled each photo with pencil, putting the ID number in small letters on the back of the photo. Then I put about 100 or so pictures into Ziploc bags until the whole album was empty. At that point I scanned all the photos starting with the first bag. When all photos were scanned I sat down and put them back in the album at once. With the ID numbers on the back it was simple to place them in the right spot.

Sorry this was so long-winded, but it has been a long, hard process of trial and error for me and I thought it might save somebody some time.

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
10 October 2007, Vol. 10, No. 41

More Full-Text Books Available Online
Catherine Green
Hutchinson, Kansas
greenks@sbcglobal.net

In addition to Google Book Search, which was mentioned in the Rootsweb Review several weeks ago, genealogists may find great historical, geographical, and biographical information online in old books no longer under copyright that are being put online--searchable for free--at www.archive.org.

My best find so far on this site is a book titled "Biographical History of the American Irish in Chicago," by Charles French. It was published in 1897 and unlike biography sketches in such books as county histories, it included a special emphasis on Irish heritage in each biographical sketch.

I have found old Irish books by using search terms like the name of a county in Ireland (e.g., Leitrim or Sligo). If your search term is too limited--such as the name of an ancestor--you will get zero results, but if you locate books on a geographical location first, you may find a particular ancestor in a book's index.

As I mentioned, this site is free; you don't even have to register to use it. It has a lot of books available, but only a few are genealogically useful and you will have to do some work searching what is available.

To use this source, type your search terms in the search box at the top of the page. For example, type in "Oregon history" and limit the media type to "text." (The site offers other non-book media such as music.)

When you find a book, click on the link that interests you. Then, click on the cover of the book when it appears. Use the arrows to turn pages--they load rapidly, almost as easily as reading a book on paper, though text size runs small and is sometimes difficult for me to read. A new search box will open, and you can type in a surname or place name; you will be told if any instances of those names are in the book. If so, yellow place mark tabs will appear on the book and you can click on these one by one to see the pages, where your search term will be highlighted in yellow.

To read the article on Google Book Search, visit: http://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/review/2007/1003.txt

*     *     *

Another Source for Out-of-Print Books
Kimberly Yavorski
Ambler, Pennsylvania
kyavorski@verizon.net

The best source I found for out-of-print books is the Gutenberg Project at www.gutenberg.org.

The site offers more than 20,000 free books as well as a collection of digitized sheet music in the public domain (some of the material is only public domain in the U.S., but I believe it is listed as such).

The project also accepts volunteers and monetary donations to continue to add to its collection.

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
17 October 2007, Vol. 10, No. 42.

Tips for Posting a Reply on a Mailing List or Message Board
By Joan Young
joan@volunteer.rootsweb.com

We've already discussed tips for posting new messages on mailing lists and message boards. We've also discussed choosing the appropriate list or board for posting your message (see "Getting Your Message Across on Mailing Lists and Message Boards" at http://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/review/2007/1010.txt ).

So now you know everything there is to know about message board/mailing list etiquette, right? Wrong. Crafting your message and posting it in the appropriate place is only half the equation; learning how to reply effectively is the other half.

The following steps will ensure that your reply is helpful and thorough.

KNOW WHEN TO REPLY
Remember only to reply to a query when you have information that will be of interest--or if you wish to ask for clarification in order to provide help. You may also post a reply if you wish to let the poster and others reading the list/board message know that you are also researching the same ancestors. Do not send "me too" messages or messages noting that you don't have information for the poster--unless you were specifically asked for a lookup.

CONSIDER WHERE YOUR REPLY IS GOING
Most of us click on "Reply" or "Reply All" when we see an interesting message, but fail to take notice of exactly which address or addresses are included in the "Send to" field of our e-mail. This often results in unexpected consequences. Perhaps we intend to send a private reply to a newfound cousin and our reply contains private information, but we end up broadcasting it to the world on a public list and have it permanently saved in the mailing list archives.

Knowing how to direct your replies can differ from mailing list to mailing list. The list administrators have the option to set lists to default to "reply to sender" or "reply to list." Also, individual list posters may have a specific "reply to" address set in their e-mail program that can override a "reply to list" setting set by a list administrator. These variances make it absolutely essential that you check the addresses in the "To" and "CC" fields each and every time you send a reply. This will prevent the occasional "Oh no" moment--the moment after you hit "Send" when you realize the e-mail went to addresses you had not intended to include.

As for message boards, be careful to click on the "Reply" link rather than starting a new thread and posting a message that is not attached to the original one. If you make this error the original poster won't be notified that they have a reply to their query and they may never see it. Also, your reply may not make much sense to other readers if it is disconnected from the original query.

QUOTING THE MESSAGE TO WHICH YOU ARE REPLYING
When you are replying to a query on a mailing list you usually want to include all or part of the query to which you are replying so that the answer or lookup information you provide will be clear to everyone reading your message.

When drafting your reply, check to see whether the information you planned on quoting is included, and also make sure it is clear what is being quoted from the original and what text you are adding in your reply. Remember that RootsWeb list messages are all sent through as plain text, so any HTML indenting or quote marks will not be displayed when your reply comes through the list.

E-mail programs differ in how they quote text in a reply. Some e-mail clients automatically quote the entire message and others allow you to highlight only the text you wish to quote. Some give you a choice in your mail options.

Don't quote more than is necessary to make your reply clear. Delete any old taglines and signature files to keep the reply as clean as possible. If your e-mail program automatically quotes an entire message but you don't need to quote the entire message, highlight the text you wish to delete and then hit the backspace or Delete key to remove the extraneous text. This is especially important if you are replying to a digest and your e-mail program automatically quotes the entire digest. Never, under any circumstances, quote an entire digest! Quote only a single message or part of a message.

KEEPING TO THE TOPIC OF A THREAD
When you post a reply on a mailing list or message board you are establishing a thread--your reply is attached to the original message. As a rule this means your reply has the same subject and topic as the original post. However, quite often as a thread continues and the topic of discussion begins to wander a bit from the original subject, it is necessary to change the subject of your reply before sending your message or hitting "Post" on the message board.

If you are replying to a digest message remember to change the subject of your reply to indicate the subject matter of the message rather than the default digest subject line.

If your reply is straying too far from the original topic of the thread, consider whether it might be more appropriate to begin a new thread or post a new original message rather than replying within the existing thread.

Finally, don't panic--just proceed with caution. We've all been beginners. But we're here to help each other learn the proper RootsWeb etiquette and to break down our tricky brick walls together.

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
24 October 2007, Vol. 10, No. 43

Holocaust Survivors and Witnesses' Testimonies Indexed Online

The new website of the University of Southern California's Shoah Foundation Institute includes a searchable index of 52,000 video interviews conducted with Holocaust survivors and witnesses in fifty-six countries. You can view samples of some interviews and locate institutions that provide access to full interviews. The website also includes educational resources and an interactive map of places around the world at which people can view the testimonies.

www.college.usc.edu/vhi

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
05 December 2007, Vol. 10, No. 49

A Genealogist's New Year's Resolutions
By Joan Young 
joan@volunteer.rootsweb.com

You've probably made the usual New Year's resolutions in the past. You know--the ones about eating less and losing weight, exercising more, cleaning out the attic and garage. If you are like most of us, those resolutions are soon broken or forgotten--until a new year rolls around again. 

This year, give some thought to resolutions you could make for the New Year (one's that might be easier to keep than the above) that would help you to progress in your genealogical research. I have a list of genealogical resolutions I'm going to make for the New Year; perhaps you would like to adopt one or more of them for yourself.

DOCUMENT YOUR SOURCES
At the top of my list is being more meticulous about documenting where I found information--always listing a source for each event I've found and listing what records I've used to reach my conclusions.

Your source is where you learned your information. It might be a birth certificate, tombstone inscription, information your grand-aunt Susannah told you, or even Sally JONES's research files. Don't list a document as your source if you didn't actually see the document. If Mary SMITH told you she saw a document, then Mary SMITH is your source unless or until you also see the document.

Documenting sources and then sitting back and reviewing them can help you determine whether your sources are good ones that you can readily accept, or whether you might want to dig a bit deeper for more reliable documentation. Mary SMITH may be an excellent researcher but if you have taken her word for the evidence you might want to obtain the original document she claims to have seen. You might find something in the document that Mary overlooked.

RECORD NEGATIVE RESULTS
If you have searched the local newspapers looking for an obituary for Uncle Harry or checked the local cemetery records where you think he might have been buried, and you have come up empty-handed, make sure you record the fact that you have searched these resources and list the date on which you performed your search. This is an error I made in my early days of research and I can tell you it has led me to repeat searches unnecessarily in the future, in places I've already looked. Of course, recording the date you did your search is important as you might later find that new records have been discovered for the cemetery you previously searched.

REVISIT DEAD-ENDS
If you have been researching for any length of time, you have probably come to a dead-end on one or more of your ancestral lines. Among my brick walls is my Irish MCCONNELL line, mostly because I have been unable to ascertain where they lived in Ireland before immigrating to America.

The New Year is an excellent time to pull out all of the information you have gathered--clues and hints and family stories, and also the leads you eventually ruled out. Revisit the research with a fresh look. Also take into consideration that new information may have become available online that was not there when you last checked. Don't forget to search the archives of the RootsWeb mailing lists and message boards as well as look for new Web pages and family trees that have been posted by others since you last looked.
http://archiver.rootsweb.com 
http://boards.rootsweb.com 
http://wc.rootsweb.com 

CHECK OFF-SHOOTS OF YOUR BRICK WALLS
When you reach a dead-end, sometimes the best approach is to try to "move sideways" rather than back another generation. By this I mean you might want to attempt to learn more about the dead-end ancestor's spouse's family or the ancestor's siblings. You might be able to learn information about these other people connected to your ancestor. And through that research you may, in turn, learn about your ancestor. 

In one instance in my research I was unsuccessful in obtaining a death certificate for my ancestor, but I was able to find one for his brother and their parents' names were listed on his certificate. In another case, I found the tombstone for my ancestor's brother and later learned my ancestor was buried in the same cemetery. By searching for a spouse or sibling's family you might also find another researcher studying that family who holds the information you need.

CLEAN OUT THE ATTIC
Yes, I know, you vowed in other years to clean out the attic and never got around to it; but maybe you haven't thought of that chore in light of your genealogical research. If you (or your grandma) has an attic in need of attention, it could turn out to be a family history goldmine rather than just a place where "junk" is gathering dust. Consider making that resolution again and this time sticking to it and following through. You might be surprised at the treasures you find.

SHARE WHAT YOU LEARN
Share with others when you do make new discoveries and you will find that others will be willing to share with you. The greatest resource in genealogical research is other people interested in the same families. Remember that RootsWeb provides the resources where you can meet and share information with newfound cousins.
http://searches.rootsweb.com/share.html

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
2 January 2008, Vol. 11, No. 1

Newspaper Research Tips
By Mary Harrell-Sesniak 
maryh@volunteer.rootsweb.com

"Genealogy is not just a pastime; it's a passion."

Pam Walton of the Humble Area Genealogical Society recently presented a program titled "Getting the Most Out of that Newspaper" at Kingwood College in Kingwood, Texas. Here are some of her research tips, which I thought you might enjoy.

1. If you find an article abstracted from a newspaper, find the original source. The more times something is rewritten, the more removed it is from the original copy and the more prone it is to errors.

2. Request newspapers from other libraries by using interlibrary loan (ILL). Upon receipt, you will have a couple of weeks to examine it before returning it.

3. Expand research to neighboring communities and order more than one newspaper for the time-frame you are researching, since articles can differ drastically from paper to paper. For example, search newspapers from smaller and larger neighboring cities; they may have reported on the same event you are researching.

4. Order issues printed ten days prior to and ten days after an event, since certain items have follow-ups. For example, a death notice, funeral notice, burial notice, and obituary would be published on different days and would include different data.

5. Watch for items frequently overlooked by researchers, such as juror lists and letters left in post offices, which indicate someone had left the area. Even advertisements can be useful; for example, you could learn about a family business.

6. Keep a research log to avoid duplicating your work. Some useful headings for your research log include the date you ordered or looked at the newspaper; the name of the paper; the names, dates, and items you are researching; your findings; and whether or not you made photocopies.

7. If possible, photocopy the whole page of the newspaper, including the title and date, even if this makes the article too small to read.
Then, make an enlarged, readable copy of the article itself. Label everything on the back, including the name of the paper, the publication location and date, the volume, the page number, and the column.

8. Organize your copies carefully. One method is to create files for individual males' surnames, sorted alphabetically by the first name, and another set for females' married surnames, sorted the same way. [Columnist's recommendation: You can also keep a set with maiden names and cross-reference the files by including a sheet of paper that references the other file.]

9. Use Easybib.com or Elizabeth Shown Mills's book "Evidence Explained" to cite newspaper references properly in your family tree and other citations.

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
9 January 2008, Vol. 11, No. 2

I'm sure this is a problem many others have faced. My mother had glued all her photos onto black paper pages of a photo album. I pried them off to see whether any of the people were identified on the backs and found that some of the photos do have writing on them. However, some of the black paper is sticking to the photos obscuring what is written there. Does anyone know how to remove this glued-on paper without ruining the pictures?

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
12 December 2007, Vol. 10, No. 50

"Un-Du" That Sticky Problem
By Toni Wick Francisco
Anchorage, Alaska

A possible solution to "A Sticky Photo Problem" by Joy Weaver is to try a product called "Un-Du." I was able to remove hundreds of photos stuck in those old magnetic-type albums without any damage to the picture or the writing on the backs. You just saturate the black paper with this product, let it sit for a couple of minutes while the glue softens, then remove the paper. Any liquid that gets on the actual picture does not damage it. It evaporates and the pictures are fine. I found the "Un-Du" at Michael's Craft Store.

Sticky Solutions
By Mike Michaelski

One way to treat old photos that have something stuck to their back is a sweat box, something stamp collectors have been using for quite some time to gently remove a stamp from a valuable cover. To make one, simply find a plastic container larger than the photograph, wet a sponge, and place the sponge in the bottom of the container. Then build a platform to keep the picture from actually touching the sponge--half a dozen pencils of the right length will do nicely. Then lay the picture on the platform and put the top on. 

Wait about a day to open the container, then lay the picture face down and carefully use some tweezers to lift up the black paper. If it does not come off, put some more water on the sponge and give it another day. The concept here is to introduce moisture into the paper and loosen it from the glue, but not to actually wet the photo. Done carefully, this will get all but the most stubborn glues to let go of the paper. The photo will need to be dried between layers of paper towels afterward--actually, it is best if you can find a photo dryer, which is built precisely for drying photos after they were developed. The main concern will be that the photos will tend to curl up when drying out again.

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
19 December 2007, Vol. 10, No. 51

RE: A Sticky Photo Problem
By S. Wilkins
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Several years ago I was faced with the same situation as that mentioned by Joy Weaver in her 12 December piece titled, "A Sticky Photo Problem."

I peeled a photo of a young woman I did not recognize from a photo album and noticed writing on the back--but it was obscured by the black paper from the album that was stuck to the back.

The words I could see identified it was a photo given to her uncle. It also had an FPO (military) address in New York. Judging by the young woman's clothing, the photo appeared to have been taken during the WWII era.

I asked many living relatives about the photo and even posted it on our family website and no one recognized her, so I took matters into my own hands.

I found a scalpel in my old college dissecting kit and I very slowly and carefully scraped away the black paper.

It was labor intensive and time consuming but it revealed enough information for me to successfully trace this woman and find that she was the great-granddaughter of my second great-grandfather's son.

I now enjoy a wonderful relationship with a zillion new cousins I didn't know existed.

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
2 January 2008, Vol. 11, No. 1

RE: A Sticky Photo Problem
By Carol Simmons
Minden Ontario

I work at a local museum. We have been faced with the problem of having photos stuck to album pages many times. People often donate photo albums, and since we are charged with their safe-keeping, we attempt to remove and conserve the photos.

We have found waxed dental floss to be a blessing. We slide a piece of floss back and forth--much like using a cross-cut saw--between the photo and the backing material. It works great; the photo doesn't get bent or creased. As a side note, make sure to remove all photos from the albums that have sticky pages and a clear film over-sleeve. These are horrendous for photos.

* * *

RE: A Sticky Photo Problem
By Richard A. Danca
Newton, Massachusetts

Here's an idea for removing pictures stuck to pages in those so-called "magnetic" photo albums, where the supposedly tacky substance meant to hold photos on the page can set over time.

You can safely remove those photos by carefully using a hand-held hair dryer set to "Low" or "Warm." Heat one edge of the photo and pry it away slowly as you continue to direct the warm air back and forth under the photo. A bit of the goo sometimes sticks to the photo, but probably not enough to worry about.

After removing the photo, put it in a proper, acid-free photo album.

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
9 January 2008, Vol. 11, No. 2

Using Rootsweb
By Jana Lloyd
Search Thingy Is Back

RootsWeb users have created millions of websites. About 10 million, to be more precise. 

Some were created by individuals; others by historical societies, libraries, or genealogical groups. 

Some are hosted by RootsWeb (freepages), and some are hosted elsewhere but linked to RootsWeb (registered websites) so RootsWeb users can locate them more easily. 

They contain everything from information on a particular family to cemetery burial indexes to instructions on how to create your own freepage. 

One of these Web pages may have just the information you are looking for. But how do you find it?

SEARCH THINGY
Welcome Search Thingy. 

In the early days of RootsWeb, Search Thingy was developed to search all of the websites and freepages hosted by and linked to RootsWeb. 

However, because of a lack of hardware and server space, it was not possible to keep Search Thingy up-to-date with the thousands of websites constantly being added to RootsWeb. It has been out-of-date for some time.

That has now changed. Thanks to a special RootsWeb developer, I am happy to announce that Search Thingy is up and running—and indexing 10 million websites. 

So if someone, somewhere has put information you need on a RootsWeb website, chances are better than ever that you will find it. 

WHERE IS SEARCH THINGY
Search Thingy is not in the most intuitive spot. Here's how you find it.

Locate the "Search Engines and Databases" heading on the RootsWeb homepage. Click the "Index of All Search Engines and Databases" link below this heading. Click "Search Thingy." It's the second database listed under "Our Most Popular Searchable Indexes." 

BROWSING WEBSITES BY SUBJECT
Besides using Search Thingy to search all of the RootsWeb freepages and registered websites, you can also browse them by categories such as locality, surnames, and major projects hosted by RootsWeb.

To browse through the millions of RootsWeb websites by topic, click "Web Sites" on the RootsWeb header (at the very top of RootsWeb.com). You will be taken to the "Registry of Websites at RootsWeb."

SUCCESS!
I was excited to try Search Thingy out for myself, so as soon as I heard it was up and running I typed in the place name for a locality I am constantly researching on my family tree: Scranton, Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania. 

Search Thingy returned an amazing number of hits. Some were more relevant than others, and I admit I had to do quite a bit of wading. But, eventually I located some great Web pages, including one for penny postcards of Scranton from the early 1900s, a fully scanned copy of the 1867-68 Scranton City Directory, and the fabulous USGenWeb county page for Lackawanna. I have visited this site many times, but when I revisited it this time I found some new leads, including an index to obituaries in the Scranton Republican, where I located an entry for my third great-grandfather. 

I've put out a request on the PALACKAW Mailing List for someone to look up the obituary at the Scranton Public Library, so hopefully a kind soul will take pity on me and look it up (hint, hint). 

I hope you will take ten minutes right now to try Search Thingy out for yourself. And, of course, to let me know what great treasures it unlocks for you.

I have a number of unidentified photos that a distant relative was nice enough to copy from an old album labeled only as "Wilz." I suspect I may have some photos of the same people taken years later. Does anyone know of a photo identification software that would enable me to objectively compare pictures by checking ratios of eye-width and other similar measurements? 

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
23 January 2008, Vol. 11, No. 4

Photo Recognition Software 
By Deborah Cook, Australia

John P. Wilz asked for photo identification software. My Heritage has a face recognition section on their website. They use algorithms to do this. The more people who upload their photos, the better this will work. It is such a great idea for genealogy with the frustration many have with photos.

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
30 January 2008, Vol. 11, No. 5

Ever since reading RootsWeb Review articles on detaching photographs with dental floss and acid-free paper, I have been wondering if either of these would work with my problem.

I made the ignorant mistake of borrowing my uncle's wedding photo from his living room on a hot summer day and placing it in view of the sun in the back of my Jeep. By the time I started to remove the photo from the frame to scan it into my computer, it had accumulated some condensation. 
I don't know if I was fortunate or unfortunate, but the photo slid about 1.5 inches off the glass then became very stuck. The image remained intact enough for me to do a scan. However, I ended up returning the wedding photo and frame to my uncle unassembled— with profuse apologies.

Is there a safe way to remove the photo from the glass? My uncle was married in April 1985, and I borrowed the framed photo in 1999.

Secondly, what is the proper method of moving photos from one place to another (i.e., how do you package them properly and how do you insulate against temperature or humidity changes)? This question applies to framed photos, photo albums, and loose photos in a box or envelope.

Marilyn T. Burkle 

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
20 January 2008, Vol. 11, No. 8

Removing a Photograph Stuck to Glass

Last week, Marilyn T. Burkle wrote about a photograph stuck to glass in a frame. To get it unstuck, I would suggest taking it to a professional photo lab. 

The lab can soak the photo off the glass and dry it properly. After the photograph is removed from the glass, have it framed properly. The photo should never, ever, touch the glass. Have it mounted on acid free mounting board using "dry mount," which is a heat activated adhesive designed for mounting photographs. The photo should be separated from the glass by a "window mat" of acid free mounting board. The mat should be attached to the mounting board with hinges of acid free linen tape.

A professional photographer should be able to do this for you or tell you where you can have it done. You could cut the mat yourself, but it is much easier with professional tools. Note that the acid free part is very important. Brown cardboard typically contains residual chemicals, which, over the years, can bleach or stain a photograph.

A black-and-white photographic print that has been properly processed, mounted, and cared for should last for a hundred years or more. Color photographs will generally not last as long.

Richard Belding Gilbert

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
27 January 2008, Vol. 11, No. 9

Using Rootsweb
By Joan Young
Don't Let Name Spelling Stand in Your Way

My maiden name is MYERS. I can remember my parents telling me that the name had always been spelled MYERS in our family. What a shock when I began researching many years ago and found my great-grandfather's baptismal record with the name spelled MEYERS. Then I found that his father and grandfather are listed as MEYERS in the 1850 census as well. A couple more generations back the surname was spelled MEYER. Early generations of MEYERs are buried in Lower Bermudian Cemetery in Adams County, Pennsylvania. How can you argue with a name spelling carved on a tombstone?

In the Upper Conewago Brethren Cemetery in Adams County, my ARNOLD ancestors are surrounded by members of the STUDEBAKER family. This family's claim to fame is that they had a wagon shop and crafted Conestoga Wagons. Their descendants later manufactured the Studebaker automobiles. 

One tombstone in this cemetery clearly bears the inscription "Sarah STEWTHEBAKER." Alas, Sarah was married to a STUDEBAKER, but she will forever be known to the world as Sarah STEWTHEBAKER. A photo of her tombstone can be found on the USGenWeb Tombstone Photo Project page, on the Adams County USGenWeb site.

Before the days of driver's licenses, Social Security numbers, and military registrations that require a fixed name spelling, people didn't give much thought to how their surname was written. Not all spelling variations you come across are permanent—some merely reflect a different spelling on a single record and not an actual change of name. (For more information on names, see the RootsWeb's Guide to Tracing Family Trees: Lesson 2.)

Budding genealogists tend to get bogged down looking for "correct" name spellings and overlook variant surnames, or even translations of their surname from another language. Such a rigid view of name spellings can keep you from successfully tracing your ancestors. 

"Foreign" names were shortened, translated, and changed outright by families who wanted to fit into the American melting pot. But more often names simply evolved based upon their sound. In some countries where patronymic naming systems were used, permanent surnames were chosen after arriving in America. A Welshmen named Humphrey ap [son of] HOWELL may have become Humphrey HOWELL. Or, he may have become Humphrey POWELL, based upon the contraction of "ap" and "HOWELL." 

Early Swedish immigrants to New Sweden (the area surrounding what is now Wilmington, Delaware) sometimes took their patronymic name as a permanent surname while others chose "aliases" such as RAMBO and MINK. Others shortened their patronymic names; JONASSON became JONES.

The evolution of surnames is not exclusively an American phenomenon. My French Huguenot ancestors left France and settled in Germany long before coming to Pennsylvania in the mid 1700s. The spelling of their surname changed over the generations from CHERDRON to SHETRONE and finally SHEDERON as they intermarried with Germans. 

Whatever the cause of name changes and spelling variations, make use of all available resources in tracking your ancestors. That includes checking any and all possible spellings. Be creative and sound out the names. Consider translations in your hunt for your ancestors. Your German METZGER ancestors may have become BUTCHERs in America.

Many search engines allow you to use Soundex or Metaphone searches for surnames. WorldConnect's advanced search engine allows Exact, Soundex, or Metaphone searches. RootsWeb's Guide to Tracing Family Trees: Lesson 9 explains Soundex. Metaphone is similar to Soundex in that it is based upon the sound of a name rather than its spelling; however, some feel it is more accurate than Soundex. Try both to catch variant spellings of a surname.

RootsWeb's Surname Resource page is another excellent reference for finding variant spellings and may give you suggestions for additional spellings to check.

Take a fresh look at the surnames you are researching. Consider additional spellings and, above all, be creative in your searches.

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
19 March 2008, Vol. 11, No. 12 

Genealogy Tip
By Mary Harrell-Sesniak
Saving Web Page Text and Creating Screenshots

When copying information from a website, you may want only the text. To avoid copying images and other unwanted items, save it as a text file. 

1. Open the Web page you want to copy text from and select File>Save As. 
2. Select Plain Text (*.txt) in the Save as type field. 
3. Create a file name and click Save. 

An alternate method is to copy and paste the information directly into a word processing or genealogy program as unformatted text.

1. In the Web page, highlight the text with your mouse and copy it. (Press Ctrl+V; select File>Copy; or right-click the highlighted text and select Copy.) 
2. Open your word processing program or other program where you want to paste the text. 
3. Go to the Edit menu and select Paste Special>Unformatted Text, or a similarly worded option. 

Ever wish you could take a snapshot of a reference or other item on the Web? It's not hard and is useful for documenting genealogy sources. Use the print screen option to take a "picture" and paste it into any program that accepts images—all graphics programs and most word processing programs.

1. Verify that the item you are copying is not copyrighted or that it falls under fair use rules. 
2. Find the Print Screen button on your keyboard and press it. (Look at the top row on the right hand side.) 
3. Open the software where you will be pasting the image. Position the cursor in an appropriate place and paste the image. (The paste option is usually available as an icon, or it is located under the Edit menu. You may also be able to right-click your mouse and select Paste. ) 
4. Document the screenshot by indicating where and when you found the image, as well as who the author of any information in the image is. 
5. Save the document in your usual manner. 

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
9 April 2008, Vol. 11, No. 14

Researching at the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) 
By Mary Harrell-Sesniak

I recently had the opportunity to visit the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) Southeast Region; it was a delightful experience.

Located near Atlanta, Georgia, NARA Southeast is hosted in a magnificent facility. It is attractive and well-organized, and it offers much for first-time visitors (especially if you're researching Georgia, since the Georgia State Archives are strategically hosted next door).

The Southeast Region Archive is growing at the staggering rate of more than 200,000 documents per year (the earliest records date to 1717) and contains records on a variety of local and national topics, including the Atlanta State Penitentiary, the Civil Rights movement, the slave trade, and more. There are many records of importance to genealogists (e.g., passenger lists and land records), and more than 75 percent of visitors are there to do genealogical research. 

The National Archives has eighteen branches (go here for a list of the locations). If you haven't yet visited one I suggest doing so at your earliest opportunity. You'll find valuable records, helpful staff, access to computer stations with websites like Ancestry and Footnote (and often free printing!), workshops on family history and researching at the archives, and more. 

Here are some things to consider before visiting any of the NARA facilities:

1. Check hours and dates. The NARA Southeast Branch is open Tuesday-Saturday from 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., but each branch sets its own hours and holidays. 
2. Arrive early. If you require the services of an archivist, visit during business hours. Many don't work in the evenings or on weekends. 
3. Bring pencils, paper, a laptop, and a digital camera, and be prepared to store coats, purses, briefcases, pens, food, and other personal items in a locker. Pencil and paper is allowed in most research rooms and many allow laptops for taking notes and digital cameras for taking photographs of records.
4. If you want to examine original records, you will have to apply for a Researcher Identification Card while you are at the archive. To receive a card you will need to show your picture ID and fill out a short form stating the purpose of your research. You may be asked to watch a short orientation presentation at some branches. Cards are valid for one year and will grant you access to original records at all of the NARA locations.
5. You may need to call and make a reservation to use the Microfilm Research Rooms. There are usually different photocopying rules for items viewed in the Microfilm Research Room, and most items you view there need to be returned before closing time. 
6. Explore the particular NARA branch's website before going to familiarize yourself with their holdings and any other rules or procedures. 
7. Check the Archival Research Catalog (ARC) for records before you go. ARC is the online catalog of NARA's nationwide holdings. To date, about 58 percent of holdings in the National Archives and its regional sites are included in ARC, including digitized copies of some original material. Unfortunately, the complete list of holdings will never be online as the archives are growing faster than they can be processed. So, it is still important to check the regional websites; each has a more complete list of its unique records and collections. 
8. Write, telephone, or e-mail before you arrive to make sure the site has the records you require. Feel free to ask questions; the staff is there to help you and they are very accommodating. 

Each branch of the National Archives carries records of regional interest, but most also contain records of genealogical value. You may discover letters, forms, maps, photographs, drawings, blueprints, lists, reports, and other types of records, including (but not limited to) naturalization, census, military, land, and immigration records, and documents pertaining to Native Americans and other special groups. 

If you are researching outside of the U.S., visit the national archives in the country in which you are interested. Some websites of interest to our international readers and researchers are 

• The National Archives of Australia 
• The Library and Archives Canada 
• Archives National de France 
• The National Archives of Germany 
• The National Archives of Ireland 
• The National Archives and Records Service (NARS) of South Africa 
• The National Archives of the United Kingdom 

Previously published in RootsWeb Review:
 14 May 2008, Vol. 11, No. 15

Finding Your SMITHs (and Other Ancestors with Common Surnames)
By Joan Young

In Adams and York counties in Pennsylvania, where my MYERS ancestors lived, it is sometimes said that there are more MYERS than people. And my MYERS grandfather had the audacity to marry a SMITH. Researching ancestors with common surnames can be a challenge. Here are some suggestions to help you out: 

1) Look for the same given names generation after generation. 

It was common for families to give multiple children the same given names generation after generation. For example, in my ARNOLD family, John George ARNOLD and his wife, Elizabeth, named their children Samuel, John, Daniel, Abraham, and Elizabeth (among others). 

Their son Samuel named his children Samuel, George (after his father), Abraham, Daniel, Elizabeth (after his mother), and John. Samuel's brother Daniel named his children John, George, Daniel Jr., and Abraham. Daniel Jr. named his children Daniel III, Samuel, Abraham, and Elizabeth. And so it went. 

If you find your SMITHs naming their children the same thing for two or three successive generations, search for SMITH families from earlier generations who used those same names. While given names do not necessarily prove a connection, they may lead you to your SMITHs.

(Visit this RootsWeb homepage to learn about other naming patterns.) 

2) Search religious records for your ancestors' denomination. 

Religion can be an important clue. If your family is Jewish, Quaker, Catholic, or Presbyterian for multiple generations, narrow down your search to church records for your family's religion.

3) Check for occupations that were passed down.

If your SMITHs were consistently listed in census records as millers, carpenters, tanners, glassmakers, innkeepers, or stonemasons, try searching for SMITHs in a previous generation who shared the family occupation. Many trades were passed down in a family, and businesses were often transferred from one generation to the next. A family's shared occupation could be the clue that helps break down your brick wall.

4) Become familiar with the community (and community members) where your ancestor lived. 

Last, and quite possibly most important, research the community where your family lived. People traveled in communities, and families intermarried with the same families generation after generation. Do research on the neighbors and church members with whom your ancestors interacted. Research the sponsors at family baptisms and the witnesses on property records and wills. 

In my own family, my BORTON ancestors are English Quakers who immigrated to New Jersey in 1679 and intermarried many times over with the HAINES family, who came to New Jersey in 1682. The two families were from the same town in England (Aynhoe), and when I researched their earlier English records I found there had been many HAINES-BORTON marriages even before the two families arrived in America. By studying one of these families I discovered information about the other as well.

Previously published in RootsWeb Review:
  14 May 2008, Vol. 11, No. 15

Genealogy Tip
By Joan Young

Research Clues from the Faith of Our Fathers

Your ancestors' religion can provide valuable clues about their lives. Of course, church and synagogue records offer factual data regarding baptisms, marriages, and deaths (quite often at an earlier date than these events are documented in civil records). They may also offer clues to relationships (baptismal sponsors for example). If you are really lucky, your ancestors' religious records may even provide personal information that will flesh out your understanding of them. Quaker minutes and Moravian memoirs (lebenslauf) contain such detailed information.

Where do you turn if you don't know which religious denomination your ancestors belonged to?

Check obituaries. Obituaries often mention a church or religious individual who officiated at the funeral service. 

Locate marriage records. If you have the name of the minister, priest, or rabbi who married your ancestors, try to learn which congregation he served in. Many religious denominations have archives where records are maintained. LDS Family History Centers offer church records on film. Local historical societies also maintain church records. 

Look for cemetery records. Many cemeteries are (or were originally) associated with a church. Public cemeteries often have sections where those with a specific religious affiliation are buried. Ask the cemetery association or sexton about such sections. Religious symbols on tombstones may also provide a clue.

If you have a family Bible, determine whether it is a Roman Catholic Vulgate Bible or a Protestant Bible.

Check to see if your ancestors attended a college or school that is affiliated with a specific religion. 

Research the locality where your ancestors are from—it might offer a hint as to their religion. Some areas were settled by members of a particular religion or one religion may be dominant in that area. Persecuted religious groups can often be found by studying their migration patterns.

Study family customs and traditions; they often have a basis in religious practices. 

Research deeds and bequests in wills. Your ancestors may have donated land for a church building or left a bequest to a religious institution.

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
9 July 2008, Vol. 11, No. 17 

Using Rootsweb
By Mary Harrell-Sesniak
"Genealogy is not just a pastime, it's a passion."

International Genealogical Symbols

Sooner or later, your research may take you over an ocean, and when it does, be prepared—you may receive information formatted differently, and it may contain unfamiliar symbols.

For instance, what do an “*”, an “o”, and a “+” remind you of? Use your imagination to see an egg, a ring, and a sword, and you will understand why some of these symbols represent birth, engagement, and death in various countries. And these symbols, which are commonplace in parts of Europe and South Africa, are becoming more frequent in America.

And they are an efficient way to illustrate relationships. Why write more than you need! 

One of my first encounters with genealogical symbols was when I received the following report from a German researcher, who assisted in transcribing German records regarding my Miesse family. Johann Daniel “Daniel” Miesse (nee Müsse) was born in Elsoff (abbreviated as Els) in Wittgenstein, Germany, on 28 JAN 1743. The report read as follows: 

1. Müsse, Daniel (Johann Daniel)
          * Els, 28.01.1743

2. Müsse, Daniel (Johann Daniel)
          * Els, -02.03.1694
          + Els, 28.01.1772
          & Els, 21.02.1736
3. Gernand, Elisabeth (Anna Elisabeth)
          * Els, -19.11.1708
          + Els, 03.12.1767

Notice that I used the common format of day/month/year to express Johann’s birthday, since the American month/day/year style is contrary to what is used in most parts of the world.

This is an important nuance in the second item of the report, regarding Daniel’s father (also known as Johann Daniel). He was born on 2 MAR 1694—not February 3, as many Americans would tend to record. 

Keep this difference in mind if you take any international trips. Many an American has gotten reservations mixed up, not realizing that the month/day/year format is the exception, and not the rule, in most countries.

Daniel’s mother was Anna Elisabeth Gernand; she was recorded in item three of the report. The marriage union on 21 FEB 1736 is designated by an “&” in her husband's record. And now that you can read this document, note that she died on 3 DEC 1767 and that her husband died on 28 JAN 1772—by coincidence, their son’s birthday. The son ended up immigrating to America about this time and served in the American Revolution. One has to wonder if his father’s passing was an influence.

In this report, only a few genealogical symbols were used, but occasionally you will spot others. 

For example, an engagement can be symbolized with two rings, or “oo”, and if rings are separated (“o o”), it indicates that the couple has separated. A divorce can be illustrated with a line or slash between the rings, either as “%”, “o/o”, or “o|o”. 

Since symbols vary slightly from country to country, I constructed this chart to help identify the more common ones. Some of them are quite creative.

Click here for an image of the above table.

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
9 July 2008, Vol. 11, No. 17 

The main article in the July issue of the "RootsWeb Review," described various symbols used in genealogical records. We received several questions from readers wanting to know what the hyphen (-) in front of the birth dates in the second and third examples indicated: 

Müsse, Daniel (Johann Daniel)
          * Els, -02.03.1694
          + Els, 28.01.1772
          & Els, 21.02.1736
Gernand, Elisabeth (Anna Elisabeth)
          * Els, -19.11.1708
          + Els, 03.12.1767

These hyphens indicate that the dates are baptismal/christening dates rather than birth dates.

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
13 August 2008, Vol. 11, No. 18

Getting the Most Out of Pre-1850 U.S. Federal Census Records

The United States began taking a census every ten years starting in 1790. Pre-1850 censuses included only the head of household by name; others were indicated by a tally mark. From 1790 through 1820 the censuses were kept locally and are not available for some states. In 1830 an official census schedule was used for the first time and the records were maintained on the federal level. For more detailed information about who/what was included on these various census records, click here.

Here are some tips to follow when examining pre-1850 census listings:

1. View original images at Ancestry.com or elsewhere: Don't rely exclusively on indexes or transcriptions. Poor handwriting or transcription errors may result in inaccurate indexes. You can assess name spellings better on an original document. Look for spelling variations on a single listing as well as surname spelling evolution over the years. Enumerators sometimes included informative side notes. 
2. Create a timeline: Try to locate the head of household on all pre-1850 censuses and compare your findings to later census records. Knowing where your family lived can help you find church records, land records, or wills you can use to compare to the family structure in the census.
3. Don't leap to conclusions: Don't assume the oldest male in a household is necessarily the head of household or that everyone is a family member. Farm laborers, boarders, or apprentices may be included. The family could have raised children other than their own. Extra children in a household could also indicate a prior marriage. Missing family members, or a family structure vastly different from what you expected, could be a clue you found the wrong household.
4. Official census dates: Enumerators were supposed to list the household as of the official census date and not on the day of the visit. Official dates are as follows: 1790-1820—the first Monday in August; 1830-1840—the first day of June. 
5. Check out the neighbors: Scroll through the pages surrounding your family for possible relatives.

Additional considerations:
1820: Males 16-18 were recorded twice. The separate listing was to better pin down the number of young males. Some occupations were listed for the head of household. Non-citizens were identified. This information could lead you to immigration and naturalization records.

1830: The town/district and county were included. Deaf, dumb, and blind were also listed. 

1840: The insane were listed—this could suggest the availability of institutional or guardianship records. Revolutionary War pensioners were identified, which could indicate that military and pension files may be available. 

For more information see the following: 
Michael John Neill's "Starting Pre-1850 Census Searching"
Kimberly Powell's "Digging Details from Pre-1850 U.S. Census Records"

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
10 September 2008, Vol. 11, No. 19

Census Records—For Demographics or Genealogy?

Don't be fooled by thinking U.S. federal census records were created for family historians—their original purpose was for demographics. Genealogists use them now, but knowing their original purpose and knowing the questions asked and notations used can keep you from being misled. 

For instance, what does "UN" or "UA" indicate regarding military service? Unknown or Unavailable? No—it indicates service with the Union Navy or Army, and that can make a world of difference.

Questions changed from decade to decade. Some items were dropped and others manipulated to unearth new details. Here is some guidance to get you started.

Marital Status or Civil Condition
Early on, newlyweds were the only ones whose length of marriage was recorded, and the only year the month of marriage was asked was 1870. By 1880, divorces, widowhood, and single status were included.

From 1900–1910, the number of years a couple had been married was enumerated, but in 1920 this was eliminated. Strangely, in 1930, the enumerator determined the age when a person had first married. 

That's quite a different issue, and it didn't matter if one was on a second or third marriage—the enumerator just recorded the age at first marriage. So what was the point? From a demographic standpoint, as more women worked or attended college, they were less likely to marry high school sweethearts! Luckily some records show M1 or M2, indicating first or second marriage.

Information enumerated, by census year and column number:

• 1850 and 1860. Columns 10 and 11, respectively: Whether married within the year
• 1870. Column14: If married within the year, the month (Jan., etc.)
• 1880. Column 9: Civil Condition Single; Column 10: Civil Condition Married; Column 11: Civil Condition Widowed, Divorced; Column 12: Whether married during the census year
• 1890. Column 7: Whether single, married, widowed, or divorced; Column 8: Whether married during the census year (June 1, 1889, to May 31, 1890)
• 1900. Column 9: Whether single, married, widowed, or divorced; Column 10: Number of years of present marriage
• 1910. Column 8: Whether single, married, widowed, or divorced; Column 9: Number of years of present marriage 
• 1920. Column 12: Whether single, married, widowed, or divorced
• 1930. Column 14: Marital condition; Column 15: Age at first marriage

Military
Some abbreviations you will see relating to military information include "UN" for Union Navy; "UA" for Union Army; "CA" for Confederate Army; "CN" for Confederate Navy; "CW" for Civil War; "SP" for Spanish American War; and "WW" for World War I. 

In 1910, column 30 recorded whether someone was a survivor of the Union or Confederate Army or Navy. In 1920, the question wasn't posed, but in 1930, column 30 noted veterans of the U.S. military or naval forces mobilized for any war or expedition (with a Y or N), and column 31 indicated the war/expedition. Interestingly, a number of Civil War veterans survived, along with veterans of the Spanish American War and the Great War.

In addition, in 1890 a special census was enumerated to assist with pension requests granted to veterans or widows. Only those with disabilities were eligible, and it didn't include confederates. Much of this special census schedule is missing—only records from Kentucky and Wyoming remain. However, if you are lucky enough to have an ancestor recorded, there are a number of important items included.

Information enumerated, by column number:

• Columns 1 and 2: The house and family number
• Column 3: Name of surviving soldiers, marines, and widows
• Columns 4 and 5: Rank and Company
• Column 6: Name of regiment or vessel
• Columns 7 and 8: Date of enlistment and discharge
• Column 9: Length of service
• Column 10: Post office address
• Column 11: Disability incurred

Citizenship and Naturalization
Over the decades, questions were expanded from place of birth to information about parents and native languages. 

Information enumerated, by census year and column number:

• 1850. Column 9: Place of birth, naming the state, territory, or country
• 1860. Column 10: Place of birth, naming the state, territory, or country
• 1870. Column 10: Place of birth, naming the state, territory, or country; Columns 11 and 12: Parentage of father and mother of the foreign born; Column 19: Constitutional Relations—Male citizens of U.S. of 21 years of age and upwards; Column 20: Male citizens of U.S. of 21 years of age and upwards where right to vote is denied on other grounds than rebellion or other crimes
• 1880. No related information enumerated
• 1890. Column 33: Number of years in the U.S.; Column 14: Whether naturalized; Column 15: Whether naturalization papers have been taken out
• 1900. Column 13: Place of birth of this person; Column 14: Father; Column 15: Mother; Column 16: Year of immigration to the U.S.; Column 17: Number of years in the U.S.; Column 18: Naturalization
• 1910. Same as 1900, but recorded on Columns 12 through14; Column 15: Year of immigration to the U.S.; Column 16: Whether naturalized or alien
• 1920. Column 13: Year of immigration to the United States; Column 14: Naturalized or alien; Column 15: If naturalized, year of naturalization; Columns 19 and 20: Place of birth/mother tongue of person; Columns 21 through 24: Father and mother
• 1930. Columns 18 through 20: Place of birth of person, father, and mother; Column 21: Language spoken in home before coming to the United States; Column 22: Year of immigration to the U.S.; Column 23: Naturalized or alien; Column 24: Whether able to speak English

In addition, census records often report addresses, literacy, occupations, and property values. Each decade was different, so do your research carefully. 

I recommend RootsWeb's Guide to Tracing Family Trees Number 9, which details the index system, official dates of enumeration, and pitfalls in interpreting and locating data.

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
8 October 2008, Vol. 11, No. 20

Many readers wrote in in response to Mary Harrell-Sesniak's article from last month, titled "Census Records—For Demographics or Genealogy?" Here are a few of the comments we received. 

Richard Pence reminded us that the original purpose of the census was "apportioning representation in the U.S. House of Representatives, as set forth in the U.S. Constitution." 

Marilyn Hamill noted that the 1890 Veterans census records do not include just Kentucky and Wyoming. They include the states of Kentucky THROUGH Wyoming, as well as the District of Columbia and the Indian Territory.

Chad Milliner commented on the meaning of the M2 marital designations in the 1910 U.S. census. He said, "The enumerator instructions for the 1910 census told the enumerators to write 'M2' for a 'second or subsequent marriage ... meaning married more than once.' (emphasis added). So a person married five times would also have M2 showing in the census record." 

Thank you for the additional details and corrections. 

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
12 November 2008, Vol. 11, No. 21

Genealogy Tip
By Joan Young 

Archaic and Unfamiliar Terminology in Genealogical Research

You have received your great-grandfather John MAIR's death certificate. The certificate tells you he died of "phlegmonous erysipelas." In reading your Grand-aunt Martha's diary you learn that her sister was afflicted with "ablepsy" and that your Uncle Alfred suffered from "dropsy." In the diary you also read that John MAIR worked as a "dyker" in his native Scotland. Martha's husband was a "cordwainer" and Uncle Alfred was working as a "huckster." 

Genealogists frequently encounter archaic, foreign, regional, or merely unfamiliar terminology for causes of death and illnesses, as well as for our ancestors' occupations. 

ILLNESSES, DISEASES, AND OTHER ARCHAIC MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
The following websites are among many I've used over the years to learn the meanings of terms no longer in common use or with which I wasn't familiar: 
http://rmhh.co.uk/illness.html  (Illnesses.) 
http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~billingh/disease.htm  (Diseases.)
http://www.neonatology.org/classics/old.terms.html  (Terms concerning neonatology.)
http://www.antiquusmorbus.com/Index.htm  (Archaic medical terms.)

DISASTERS—NATURAL and MANMADE 
Sometimes the factors involved in ancestral deaths could indicate that family members died as the result of a disaster. Disasters should be considered when multiple family members died at exactly the same time. A disaster could be an earthquake, flood, fire, shipwreck, mining accident, train wreck, etc.
http://www.cyndislist.com/disasters.htm  (Disasters.)

EPIDEMICS
Deaths of more than one person over a short time period (but not necessarily on the same day), especially when children are involved, might indicate an epidemic caused by the flu, typhoid, yellow fever, or any other contagious disease.
http://www.cyndislist.com/disasters.htm#Epidemics  (Epidemics.)

OBSOLETE AND UNFAMILIAR OCCUPATIONAL TERMS
Unfamiliar occupational terms and obsolete occupational terminology often varies from country to country or even from region to region within a country. 
http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~wiashlan/occupations.html  (American.)
http://www.olivetreegenealogy.com/misc/occupations.shtml  (Medieval English and early New World.)
http://rmhh.co.uk/occup/index.html  (United Kingdom.)

A quick review of the websites referenced here reveals that your great-grandfather died of a severe inflammation and fever, Martha's sister was blind, and Uncle Alfred had swelling or fluid retention (edema). Your great-grandfather worked as a stonemason in Scotland. Martha's husband was a shoemaker and Uncle Alfred sold small wares.

Previously published in RootsWeb Review: 
12 November 2008, Vol. 11, No. 21